The Language And Power English Language Essay

The Language And Power English Language Es severaliseLanguage is a precise signifi toilett topic in our life. Therefore, it send word be any em abilitying or disem moguling relying on how its used and who is using it? The reason of my paper is to disc any everywhere the diverse dimensions of the relations of ply and dustup. First, I shall talk slightly two different types of military force of the language. Then, I shall quote, discuss, and illustrate a piece of an interview that concentrates upon how poor ply correctly by unequal encounters has a correlation with the use of the language. Moreover, I shall distinguish between three types of constraints that appeared through communication. Then, I shall analyze and exemplify a keen schoolbook from the media to show how the uses of vocabulary, grammar, and the textual structures withstand a significant role as a hidden power in cover. Additionally, I shall analyze a short extract to show how social struggle in discour se occurs. Finally, I shall give my conclusion.According to Norman Fairclough the power of the language can either appear overtly or covertly and categorized into two types power in discourse and power behind discourse. Power in discourse is fix where relations of power are applied and performed in face-to-face spoken discourse, power in cross-cultural discourse in which contributors belong to various pagan groups, and the hidden power which is located in the discourse of the mass media. Power behind discourse starts with how arrangements of discourse as dimensions of the social orders of social institutions or societies are themselves formed and composed by relations of power. (Fairclough, Ch. 3, p. 36) permit us start our discussion with a type of power in discourse in name of face to face discourse where the encounters put up unequal power. Text 1 is an extract from an interview transcript of Larry might with Chris brownness, Browns attorney (Mark Geragos), and Browns moth er (Joyce Hawkins). almost indicative keys to help the lector in reading the script such as, a dot (.) means a short cease, three dots () mean lifelong cease, and the two square brackets are overlapping and interruption. We need to know that powerful participants have several devices, which can be used in order to send a control over less powerful participants such as, interruption, enforcing explicitness, controlling topic, formulation, and turn taking. (Fairclough, Ch. 5, pp. 112-113, Text 1 in appendix)In text 1 we can see how major power practices control and power over Brown, his attorney, and his mother. He controls the topic, and he is in a position that allows him to practice his power through posing mixed and critical doubts. King interrupts Brown quintuple times- in (11), (29), (35), (58), and (69) and mavin time he interrupts Hawkins in (45). King here is non doing all these interruptions just because he wants to. However, he is enforcing explicitness to get Br owns meaning clear by petition things like in (3), (4), (5), and (6). Also, he overlaps and interrupts Brown in order to control his statement and to experience sure that his answer is truthful and unambiguous because King knows that Brown has amnesia, for example, in (28) and (29). (Fairclough, Ch. 3, p. 38 Text 1 in appendix)Furthermore, King exercises his power even over Browns attorney in (11) (what did you plead exempt, quickly, Mark, what he pled guilty to.) It is clear that he has full control over the situation and over everybody involved in the discourse which we notice it in the way the turn taken is managed. King has the authority to select the next speaker. In conversation between unequal participants, turn-taken right hands are unequal too. (Fairclough, Ch. 5, p. 112 Text 1 in appendix)Moreover, we can see the way in which King is overtly repeating Browns answers in (4), and (5) (possibly) and in (25) and (27) (its reasonable) as if he is asking him are you sure? Also, it seems to be that King is evaluating the time that Brown and his mother (Hawkins) went through such as in (3) and (19) (this had to be the worst period of your life), (especially with all this hurting youve had in your life). Another point is that Brown and Hawkins are put in the spot in the series of questions of turns (43), (45), (47), (49), (53), (55), (57), (68), (70), (72), and (74). The questions compose a tactically staged series which makes Brown and his mother hesitate in their answers, which associated with many longer pauses in (44), (46), (48), (56), (58), (71), (73), and (75). (Fairclough, Ch. 3, p. 38 Text 1 in appendix)In addition, we notice that King is using an excessive amount of interrogative sentences. Some of the questions were formed grammaticly negative such as in (33) (The sentencing judge, as I understand it, has not lifted a protective order the philander imposed on you in connection with Rihanna. That means you cant be with her?), (39) (But yo u cannot go unneurotic?) and (73) (No, well, lets say could you conceive of that down the road?) this type of questions makes Brown see guilty, looser and deserve what had happed to him. (Fairclough, Ch. 3, p. 38 Text 1 in appendix)Now, let us con incliner slightly constrains that donate specific linguistic forms. According to Fairclough, text 1 shows three types of constrains in table of contents, relations, and subjects. In terms of contents (topic), Brown is accused of beating his fianc Rihanna, and he is trying to clear himself in front of King and the rest the world, also his mother insists that Brown has never been an aggressive individual and his attorney trying to explain to King the status of Brown at this moment. We can see how the formality of the situation applies a specific kind of attitudes and particular types of vocabulary. Also, in terms of relation, we can see the social relation between the encounters is very formal King represents a professional relation to his guest, Nevertheless, Brown is the son of Mrs. Hawkins, so their relation get off is intimate (mother and son).Furthermore, in terms of subject position, King occupies a reporter position who is exercising his authority over Brown, Hawkins, and Geragos, Brown is accuser, and Geragos is an attorney. notice how King has the right to ask questions, whereas, his guests have only obligation to comply and answer. As well, we can see that these constraints received from the conventions of the discourse type which is macrocosm derived from. Consequently, we come to say that power in discourse is to do with powerful participants controlling and constraining the contribution of non-powerful participants, and can indirectly constrain them by selecting the discourse type. (Fairclough, Ch. 3, p. 39 Text 1 in appendix)Now, I shall consider another type of power in discourse. It is the hidden power in mass media. This kind of discourse engages members who are dislocated in place and time. A ctually, mass-media discourse has a very neat nature. Its power relation is usually covert and engages hidden relations of power. The main different thing between face-to-face discourse and media discourse is the one-sidedness. In media discourse, there is a strong separation between producers and interpreters- maybe because media product has the nature of a commodity, between producers and consumers. Medias text is designed for mass audiences, which mean for everybody because it is hard for the writer to specify his audience. Therefore, media discourse has created into it a subject position for an ideal subject. (Fairclough, Ch. 3, p. 41)The journalist in text 2 exercises power over readers in that he has full rights and can therefore, decide what is contained and omitted, how events are appeared, and even the subject positions of their spectators. Look at the interrogative question in (A) (Does Chris Brown have amnesia?) the writer is engaging and positioning his readers in a cert ain way to answer the question (yes or no). Furthermore, the style is in bold to pull all readers attention to the more important sentence. The use of clear agent in the first sentence (A) makes us taper on Brown himself and his possibility. In the second part of the text (B), the writer omitted purposely the name of Browns ex-fianc (Rihanna) to avoid dragging the audience attention. Moreover, the use of the negative grammatical form in (B) (No, I dont. Its like, its crazy to me) and in (C) (Im in shock, thats not who I am as a person. And thats not who I disdain myself on being), shows the readers that Brown is not guilty, and he is not happy virtually what he did due to his sickness. We can see how the writer is manipulating his audiences, he is exercising his hidden power by not telling directly that Brown is innocent, but he is covertly trying to convey his message by controlling his audience to make them come to a specific conclusion (Brown is innocent). (Fairclough, Ch. 5 , pp. 103-5 Text 2 in appendix)Furthermore, we notice that the representation of Brown is another form of constraint on contents such, representations cumulatively stereotype famous RB singer and more generally the singer of favored public anatomys, and so constrain the meanings mess attach to them. once we read the article, we dont find that Brown obviously said to be innocent, and needs our sympathy. The process relies totally on an ideal readers ability to deduce that from the list of his answer. Brown expresses his shock of what happed, he cant remember what actually happen, he is concerned for his career, he is trying to rescue his reputation, he is trying to stimulate the readers sympathy and forgiveness, he wants his audience to find oneself pity for him. Nevertheless, this indicates that what are being constrained are not only contents but also subjects the process presumes an ideal reader who will certainly make the right deduction from the list, in another meaning to have the right idea about who Brown is. (Fairclough, Ch. 3, pp. 44-5 Text 2 in appendix)We have to know that not all photographs have the same effect. Journalists usually are clever. They make an ideal choice of a photograph that gives one image of a scene or a person from many likely images. The selection is very significant because different images convey different meanings. In the example (D), we can see our attention is drawn particularly by Browns eyes and facial expression he is looking in the right side with a broken hart and sad face. Notice the clear function of the caption. It leads us to feel sorry, pity, and sympathy with him. (Fairclough, Ch. 3, p. 45 Text 2 in appendix)Medias texts have a particular way of positioning and directing the reader towards the side that they like. The hidden power of the media text can be the journalist, the editor, or other people whom we dont know, and it is always manipulative and covert. (Fairclough, Ch. 3, pp. 46)Our last text 3 is co ncerned with social struggle in the discourse. Power in discourse or behind discourse is not enduring and undisputed characteristic of any individual or social grouping. Quite the opposite, those who practice power at a specific instant, have to continually reemphasize their power and authority, and those who dont have power are constantly likely to seek for power. This is a fact, whether at the level of the specific situation, or in terms of a social institution, or in terms of a whole society. According to Fairclough power at all these levels is won, exercised, sustained, and lost during social struggle. (Fairclough, Ch. 2 3, pp. 28, 57)Let us illustrate text (3) which is a good example where a struggle is overt and clear. It is an investigation situation where the interrogator is questioning the pensioner about his involvement in a crime. There are numerous ways in which (P) practices more supremacy over the discourse than anyone might imagine, goes beyond his discoursal rights and does not complete his obligations. Firstly, he challenges (I)s questions three times (turn 2, 4, and 6) rather than answering them immediately. Secondly, in (2 and 6) (P) asks questions that are not related at all to the situation and go beyond it, conversely, (I) is not answering (P), but he is asking him another question in order to keep him in the track. Lastly, it seems that (P) shows no sign of cooperation. He appears to deal out the investigator as a peer, and act as if the interrogation is a normal conversation (2, 4, and 6), nevertheless, (I) success in maintaining a lot of control over the situation. While the struggle at the situational level is over power in discourse, struggle at the other levels may also be over power behind discourse. (Fairclough, Ch. 3, pp. 57-9 Text 3 in appendix)To sum up, I think this discussion was really useful and productive. At my work, I usually practice my power through the use of language because it can be used as a perfect instrument for practicing a power over others. For example, my pose exercises his power over me and I exercise my power over other employers who are under my authority. Accordingly, as I said at the opening of this essay language can either be empowering or disempowering depending on various reasons. It is wonderful what language can do.AppendixText 1Chris Brown appeared on Larry King with his attorney and his mother, Joyce Hawkins, who insists that Brown has never been a violent person. superpower Its Chris Brown exclusive, right now next, on LARRY business leader LIVE.Good evening. With us tonight on LARRY queen mole rat LIVE are Chris Brown his mother, Joyce Hawkins and his attorney, Mark Geragos.Chris entered a guilty plea on June 22nd a deal that allowed him to avoid jail time. He pled guilty to felony assault after a widely publicized disaster with his girlfriend, Rihanna. A second felony charge, making criminal threats, was dropped. And Chris was sentenced to five years probation an d six months of community labor.We thank you all for coming. How are you doing? cook Im good. Thank you.KING This had to be the worst period of your life.BROWN .Possibly, yes.KING PossiblyBROWN Yes.KING argon things calm for you now? Are you into it?BROWN I think its more a relief now that everything is kind of all said and done as far as like what I have to do and emwhats going on. I think its no more .. no more media hysteria for them to kind of blow out of proportion anymore.KING So youre glad its over?BROWN Yes.KING What did you plead explain, quickly, Mark, what he pled guilty to.MARK GERAGOS, defence ATTORNEY Assault, basically, was what it is a felony assault charge sentenced to five years of probation as you said, 180 days of what Judge Schnegg calls community labor. And he has to undergo a house servant violence program for one year.KING And five years means youve got to be like perfectGERAGOS It means he walks the straight and narrow for five years. And as Judge Schneg g said in court yesterday, shes. shes a tough task master, but shes fair.KING Were taping this a week before it airs, so its airing on this night, but that was yesterday, meaning last Tuesday.GERAGOS That was.KING And before we get into the meat of everything, Chris, how have you handled all this, Joyce?JOYCE HAWKINS, CHRIS BROWNS MOTHER Its probably the most irritative time of my entire life. Its been hard, really hard, seeing him going through the pain and everything that hes gone through, dealing with the media and dealing with the situation. Its been really hard.KING Especially with all the pain youve had in your life.HAWKINS Yes, along with that.KING Which well get to later. But the labor-oriented service, what . what does it mean you have to do, Chris? This is back in Virginia, right?BROWN Yes, back in Virginia.KING What do you have to do?BROWN I think they want me to do anything. anything from disrupting up trash on the side of the street, washing cars, graffito removal, I mean any.anything. But its the law, so Im willing to do whatever they want me to do.KING Is it fair?BROWN To me, possibly everything comes . everything comes with consequences. So I feel like definitely it is. And I have no misjudgment on what the judge has has has given me. So Im willing to do anything they ask.KING So you feel its its fair?BROWN Yes.KING Yes. The judge was very specific. She wanted labor involved in the punishment.BROWN Yes.KING What did that mean to you when she said that, hard work?BROWN Hard work, yes, definitely. And Im a very hard worker, so that thats kind of .. I wouldnt say second nature, but its definitely more or lessthing that Im willing to to do. As far as the actual what I have to do, I felt personally that, as far as not saying as as a celebrity, because I dont exclude myself and try to become like, oh, Im a celebrity so I shouldnt be punished. But I feel like with with what Im capable of doing as far as influencing people, influencing kids, the youth, I can do a lot more to help the community other than picking up trash. But I dont Im not saying picking up trash is something wrong. Im willing to do it. But Im just saying, I know I can do a lot more, which I intend to do, aside from our community service.KING The sentencing judge, as I understand it, has not lifted a protective order the court imposed on you in connection with Rihanna. That means you cant be with her?BROWN No, I cant. I cant communicate. Nothing.KING Do you think thats fair?BROWN Its kind of hard, definitely, because being her being my friend for so long and us being being that close of a friend, its kind of like, wow, like, not being able to see or talk to that person is kind of kind of difficult. And but its its also hard because were both in the same industry. We do we go to the same events. WeKING That you can do, right?BROWN Yes, I can go to the same event. We havent (INAUDIBLE)KING But you cannot go together?BROWN Not not at all. We have t o be like 10 yards away from each other, but I just feel like its harder, because were always in the same vicinity, and it leaves more because we have the protection order, it leaves more room for error. It leaves more room for people to start rumors and start start more stuff, like, oh, theyre together. Theyre not hypothetical to be together. And and it just kind of leaves more room for for problems.KING You have to be real careful, right, Mark?GERAGOS Yes, more than careful. I mean there was an incident a supposed incident in New York where the two of them unbeknownst to each other because they dont talk to each other are rumored to be at the same hotel. So before before we even verify it, I just tell him, move. So, you know, its almost Ive kiddingly joked, we almost have to put GPS chips into the two of them to figure out where the other one is at all times.KING How well do you know Rihanna, Joyce?HAWKINS Ive known Rihanna for four or five years. AndKING Do you like her ?HAWKINS erI like her, yes.KING When the incident happened, how did it hit you?HAWKINS Like I said, emI was devastated. I was really upset about the situation and really felt reallyerem.. bad about this whole situation reallyKING Were you shocked?HAWKINS Very shocked. Very shocked.KING Well get into all of it. During the sentencing, the judge said she was not immune from the chatter on the airwaves about meetings between you and Rihanna.BROWN Yes.KING Now, obviously, it upset her, right?BROWN Yes.KING Do you understand that part?BROWN Yes, I understand that totally. Of course, like, the media, like Im not saying this media but the media, as far as like the the the immature media, you knowKING Immature media?BROWN The immature media. I feel like its high school sometimes, how people just pride theirself on personal business. But like I feel like they they spun a lot of the stuff out of control, as far as with with the judge, with a lot of things, because everybody reads the new spapers. Everybody reads the blogs. Everybody reads stuff like that.eremSo its easily influenced when theres something thats already stated like it happened.KING But what happened happened.BROWN Yes.KING And you were involved in what happenedBROWN Yes.KING So you have to accept the consequences.BROWN Definitely.GERAGOS You know, the diversion in this case and Ive been through a number of cases where there was media attention the difference in this case is the aftermath of the incident, where there was repeatedly just false stuff that would be printed. And major newspapers would put out things theyre they spent the weekend together here or they spent the weekend together there, which was just false. They werent even at one point, they said the two of them had spent the night together in one location. She wasnt even in the country.KING Simply put, when was the last time you had contact with her?BROWN Its been a couple months, because I think thats when the actual suffer away o rder was in effect. erSo from there, we havent had contact at all.KING Do you love her?BROWN Definitely.KING In love with her?BROWN erem..Definitely.KING Would you spend a lifetime with her?BROWN Would I spend a lifetime well, er I mean, emIm 20, soKING No, well, lets say could you conceive of that down the road?BROWN em.. I yes.KING Well be right back with Chris Brown, Joyce Hawkins and Mark Geragos. Dont go away.Text 2Media TextDoes Chris Brown have amnesia? That sure looks like it when the RB singer spoke for the first time in public about the incident that rocked the entertainment world a few months agoWhen asked whether he remembers beating up his ex-girlfriend, Brown replies No, I dont. Its like, its crazy to me. Im like, wow. Brown adds, When I look at the police reports or I hear about the police reports, I dont know what to think. I just dont know what to think. Its just like, wow.I just look at it like, wow, Im in shock, cause first of all, thats not who I am as a pers on. And thats not who I pride myself on being.(D)Text (3) duplicate from the series Criminal Minds was shown on Friday 1st January 2010, at 2130, on MBC Action. It was an investigation between a prisoner and investigatorThe investigator is showing some pictures for several dead girls.(I) Investigator Why did you kill these girls?(P) Prisoner Would you like to see a trick?(I) Investigator How many girls did you kill?(P) Prisoner pick a card.(I) Investigator Where did you bury them?(P) Prisoner Do you ever smile? It is hard to trust a person who does not smile.